математика (страница 64)

Автор: Henry Hart

The Life of Robert Frost presents a unique and rich approach to the poet that includes original genealogical research concerning Frost’s ancestors, and a demonstration of how mental illness plagued the Frost family and heavily influenced Frost’s poetry. A widely revealing biography of Frost that discusses his often perplexing journey from humble roots to poetic fame, revealing new details of Frost’s life Takes a unique approach by giving attention to Frost’s genealogy and the family history of mental illness, presenting a complete picture of Frost’s complexity Discusses the traumatic effect on Frost of his father’s early death and the impact on his poetry and outlook Presents original information on the influence of his mother’s Swedenborgian mysticism

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Автор: Myron B. Allen, III

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Автор: Theodore Faticoni G

Praise for the First Edition «. . . an enchanting book for those people in computer science or mathematics who are fascinated by the concept of infinity.»—Computing Reviews «. . . a very well written introduction to set theory . . . easy to read and well suited for self-study . . . highly recommended.»—Choice The concept of infinity has fascinated and confused mankind for centuries with theories and ideas that cause even seasoned mathematicians to wonder. The Mathematics of Infinity: A Guide to Great Ideas, Second Edition uniquely explores how we can manipulate these ideas when our common sense rebels at the conclusions we are drawing. Continuing to draw from his extensive work on the subject, the author provides a user-friendly presentation that avoids unnecessary, in-depth mathematical rigor. This Second Edition provides important coverage of logic and sets, elements and predicates, cardinals as ordinals, and mathematical physics. Classic arguments and illustrative examples are provided throughout the book and are accompanied by a gradual progression of sophisticated notions designed to stun readers' intuitive view of the world. With an accessible and balanced treatment of both concepts and theory, the book focuses on the following topics: Logic, sets, and functions Prime numbers Counting infinite sets Well ordered sets Infinite cardinals Logic and meta-mathematics Inductions and numbers Presenting an intriguing account of the notions of infinity, The Mathematics of Infinity: A Guide to Great Ideas, Second Edition is an insightful supplement for mathematics courses on set theory at the undergraduate level. The book also serves as a fascinating reference for mathematically inclined individuals who are interested in learning about the world of counterintuitive mathematics.

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Автор: Theodore Faticoni G

Praise for the First Edition «. . . an enchanting book for those people in computer science or mathematics who are fascinated by the concept of infinity.»—Computing Reviews «. . . a very well written introduction to set theory . . . easy to read and well suited for self-study . . . highly recommended.»—Choice The concept of infinity has fascinated and confused mankind for centuries with theories and ideas that cause even seasoned mathematicians to wonder. The Mathematics of Infinity: A Guide to Great Ideas, Second Edition uniquely explores how we can manipulate these ideas when our common sense rebels at the conclusions we are drawing. Continuing to draw from his extensive work on the subject, the author provides a user-friendly presentation that avoids unnecessary, in-depth mathematical rigor. This Second Edition provides important coverage of logic and sets, elements and predicates, cardinals as ordinals, and mathematical physics. Classic arguments and illustrative examples are provided throughout the book and are accompanied by a gradual progression of sophisticated notions designed to stun readers' intuitive view of the world. With an accessible and balanced treatment of both concepts and theory, the book focuses on the following topics: Logic, sets, and functions Prime numbers Counting infinite sets Well ordered sets Infinite cardinals Logic and meta-mathematics Inductions and numbers Presenting an intriguing account of the notions of infinity, The Mathematics of Infinity: A Guide to Great Ideas, Second Edition is an insightful supplement for mathematics courses on set theory at the undergraduate level. The book also serves as a fascinating reference for mathematically inclined individuals who are interested in learning about the world of counterintuitive mathematics.

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Автор: Philip Hensher

An epic chronicle of the last 20 years of British life from the Booker longlisted and Granta Best of Young British novelist, Philip Hensher.Beginning in 1974 and ending with the fading of Thatcher's government in 1996, ‘The Northern Clemency’ is Philip Hensher's epic portrait of an entire era, a novel concerned with the lives of ordinary people and history on the move.Set in Sheffield, it charts the relationship between two families: Malcolm and Katherine Glover and their three children; and their neighbours the Sellers family, newly arrived from London so that Bernie can pursue his job with the Electricity Board. The day the Sellers move in there is a crisis across the road: Malcolm Glover has left home, convinced his wife is having an affair. The consequences of this rupture will spread throughout the lives of both couples and their children, in particular 10-year-old Tim Glover, who never quite recovers from a moment of his mother's public cruelty and the amused taunting of 15-year-old Sandra Sellers, childhood crises that will come to a head twenty years later. In the background, England is changing: from a manufacturing and industrial based economy into a new world of shops, restaurants and service industries, a shift particularly marked in the North with the miners' strike of 1984, which has a dramatic impact on both families.Inspired by the expansive scale and webs of relationships of the great nineteenth-century Russian novels, ‘The Northern Clemency’ shows Philip Hensher to be one of our greatest chroniclers of English life.

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Автор: Helmut Albert

This work is a translation of the German edition «Der Nukleonenspin als Ursache der starken Wechselwirkung». (Dec. 2020). The strong interaction is supposed to describe the forces which are active in the atomic nucleus between the nuclear building blocks. Until today, however, it has not been possible to design a theory free of contradictions. Instead, in the 1970s, the theory of «quantum chromodynamics» emerged, in which the name itself is based on an analogy. Just like the «color charges» mentioned as cause of the interaction. The question is only: Analogy to what and due to which energy? Because either it refers to the electric energy, then there would have to be some kind of electric parallel energy, but this is nonsensical. Or it doesn't refer to the electric energy, then it must be a form of energy which already exists. But quantum chromodynamics makes no statement about this. This QCD theory standing on shaky feet thus virtually challenges the contradiction. In order to oppose this very artificial theory with a down-to-earth one, it is important to keep in mind the basics of the known interactions. All particle systems can build up only if their particles have besides their energy also an opposite property by which they can interact. The simplest system is a binary system, e.g. a common salt crystal. The opposite properties are the electrically positive and negative charge of the ions. But which opposite property enables an interaction of the nucleons? It cannot be an electric charge. The astonishing answer to this question is given in this paper at the end. It also becomes clear that quantum chromodynamics is a fallacy. For a better understanding, contents of earlier publications of the author are partly included.

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Автор: Thomas A. King

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Автор: Tom Kenny

Tom Kenny, one of the best-known and well-respected educators in EP brings his signature style to this new primer Practical, accessible, highly illustrated approach makes learning easy Provides an overview of the algorithms and devices offered by the world’s five pacemaker manufacturers Offers clinicians learning objectives, test questions and essential points in bulleted lists Perfect introductory guide to the topic, assumes little baseline knowledge and appropriate for residents, fellows, EP nurses, general clinical cardiologists, EP fellows and industry professionals

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Автор: Pramod K. Nayar

This new Dictionary features a thoughtfully collated collection of over 150 jargon-free definitions of key terms and concepts in postcolonial theory. Features a brief introduction to postcolonial theory and a list of suggested further reading that includes the texts in which many of these terms originated Each entry includes the origins of the term, where traceable; a detailed explanation of its perceived meaning; and examples of the term’s use in literary-cultural texts Incorporates terms and concepts from multiple disciplines, including anthropology, literary studies, science, economics, globalization studies, politics, and philosophy Provides an ideal companion text to the forthcoming Postcolonial Studies: An Anthology, which is also edited by Pramod K. Nayar, a highly-respected authority in the field

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Автор: Hiroshi Mikitani

"If you're as interested in Japan as I am, I think you'll find that The Power to Compete is a smart and thought-provoking look at the future of a fascinating country." – Bill Gates, «5 Books to Read This Summer» Father and son – entrepreneur and economist – search for Japan's economic cure The Power to Compete tackles the issues central to the prosperity of Japan – and the world – in search of a cure for the «Japan Disease.» As founder and CEO of Rakuten, one of the world's largest Internet companies, author Hiroshi Mikitani brings an entrepreneur's perspective to bear on the country's economic stagnation. Through a freewheeling and candid conversation with his economist father, Ryoichi Mikitani, the two examine the issues facing Japan, and explore possible roadmaps to revitalization. How can Japan overhaul its economy, education system, immigration, public infrastructure, and hold its own with China? Their ideas include applying business techniques like Key Performance Indicators to fix the economy, using information technology to cut government bureaucracy, and increasing the number of foreign firms with a head office in Japan. Readers gain rare insight into Japan's future, from both academic and practical perspectives on the inside. Mikitani argues that Japan's tendency to shun international frameworks and hide from global realities is the root of the problem, while Mikitani Sr.'s background as an international economist puts the issue in perspective for a well-rounded look at today's Japan. Examine the causes of Japan's endless economic stagnation Discover the current efforts underway to enhance Japan's competitiveness Learn how free market «Abenomics» affected Japan's economy long-term See Japan's issues from the perspective of an entrepreneur and an economist Japan's malaise is seated in a number of economic, business, political, and cultural issues, and this book doesn't shy away from hot topics. More than a discussion of economics, this book is a conversation between father and son as they work through opposing perspectives to help their country find The Power to Compete.

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Автор: Ronald J. Anderson

The Practice of Engineering Dynamics is a textbook that takes a systematic approach to understanding dynamic analysis of mechanical systems. It comprehensively covers dynamic analysis of systems from equilibrium states to non-linear simulations and presents frequency analysis of experimental data. It divides the practice of engineering dynamics into three parts: Part 1 – Modelling: Deriving Equations of Motion; Part 2 – Simulation: Using the Equations of Motion; and Part 3- Experimental Frequency Domain Analysis. This approach fulfils the need to be able to derive the equations governing the motion of a system, to then use the equations to provide useful design information, and finally to be able to analyze experimental data measured on dynamic systems. The Practice of Engineering Dynamics includes end of chapter exercises and is accompanied by a website hosting a solutions manual.

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Автор: Noga Alon

The leading reference on probabilistic methods in combinatorics-now expanded and updated When it was first published in 1991, The Probabilistic Method became instantly the standard reference on one of the most powerful and widely used tools in combinatorics. Still without competition nearly a decade later, this new edition brings you up to speed on recent developments, while adding useful exercises and over 30% new material. It continues to emphasize the basic elements of the methodology, discussing in a remarkably clear and informal style both algorithmic and classical methods as well as modern applications. The Probabilistic Method, Second Edition begins with basic techniques that use expectation and variance, as well as the more recent martingales and correlation inequalities, then explores areas where probabilistic techniques proved successful, including discrepancy and random graphs as well as cutting-edge topics in theoretical computer science. A series of proofs, or «probabilistic lenses,» are interspersed throughout the book, offering added insight into the application of the probabilistic approach. New and revised coverage includes: * Several improved as well as new results * A continuous approach to discrete probabilistic problems * Talagrand's Inequality and other novel concentration results * A discussion of the connection between discrepancy and VC-dimension * Several combinatorial applications of the entropy function and its properties * A new section on the life and work of Paul Erd?s-the developer of the probabilistic method

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Автор: Edward Fry B

The essential handbook for reading teachers, now aligned with the Common Core The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists is the definitive instructional resource for anyone who teaches reading or works in a K-12 English language arts-related field. Newly revised and ready for instant application, this top seller provides up-to-date reading, writing, and language content in more than 240 lists for developing targeted instruction, plus section briefs linking content to research-based teaching practices. This new sixth edition includes a guide that maps the lists to specific Common Core standards for easy lesson planning, and features fifty brand-new lists on: academic and domain-specific vocabulary, foundation skills, rhyming words, second language development, context clues, and more. This edition also includes an expanded writing section that covers registers, signal and transition words, and writers' craft. Brimming with practical examples, key words, teaching ideas, and activities that can be used as-is or adapted to students' needs, these lists are ready to differentiate instruction for an individual student, small-group, or planning multilevel instruction for your whole class. Reading is the center of all school curricula due to recent state and federal initiatives including rigorous standards and new assessments. This book allows to you skip years of curating content and dive right into the classroom armed with smart, relevant, and effective plans. Develop focused learning materials quickly and easily Create unit-specific Common Core aligned lesson plans Link classroom practice to key research in reading, language arts and learning Adapt ready-made ideas to any classroom or level It's more important than ever for students to have access to quality literacy instruction. Timely, up to date, and distinctively smart, The Reading Teacher's Book of Lists should be on every English language arts teacher's desk, librarian's shelf, literacy coach's resource list, and reading professor's radar.

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Автор: Andrea Pirringer

The silence is not simply «emptiness» or «nothing». It is the possibility to pause and encounter: with oneself and with God. Therefore, in the silence a treasure is hidden, a source from which one can draw. Who refuels in the silence can cope easier with everyday life.

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Автор: Christian Hermenau

Are there really black holes, why do galaxies rotate so fast, is it because of dark matter or have we misunderstood something? Is the theory of the big bang really the only conceivable way to build a universe? What is the space and what the time? Can they be bent and curved, or does this idea lead us into a dead end? Physics today is more unchallenged than ever before. It seems to have sovereign answers to every fundamental question of nature. But in fact the decisive questions remain unsolved. Perhaps only a few, but decisive changes are needed to bring movement back into the whole. Here the author takes a critical look at the fundamental theories of physics and seeks ideas and ways to understand the world at large and small.

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Автор: Группа авторов

The Wiley Classics Library consists of selected books that have become recognized classics in their respective fields. With these new unabridged and inexpensive editions, Wiley hopes to extend the life of these important works by making them available to future generations of mathematicians and scientists. Currently available in the Series: T. W. Anderson Statistical Analysis of Time Series T. S. Arthanari & Yadolah Dodge Mathematical Programming in Statistics Emil Artin Geometric Algebra Norman T. J. Bailey The Elements of Stochastic Processes with Applications to the Natural Sciences George E. P. Box & George C. Tiao Bayesian Inference in Statistical Analysis R. W. Carter Simple Groups of Lie Type William G. Cochran & Gertrude M. Cox Experimental Designs, Second Edition Richard Courant Differential and Integral Calculus, Volume I Richard Courant Differential and Integral Calculus, Volume II Richard Courant & D. Hilbert Methods of Mathematical Physics, Volume I Richard Courant & D. Hilbert Methods of Mathematical Physics, Volume II D. R. Cox Planning of Experiments Harold M. S. Coxeter Introduction to Modern Geometry, Second Edition Charles W. Curtis & Irving Reiner Representation Theory of Finite Groups and Associative Algebras Charles W. Curtis & Irving Reiner Methods of Representation Theory with Applications to Finite Groups and Orders, Volume I Charles W. Curtis & Irving Reiner Methods of Representation Theory with Applications to Finite Groups and Orders, Volume II Bruno de Finetti Theory of Probability, Volume 1 Bruno de Finetti Theory of Probability, Volume 2 W. Edwards Deming Sample Design in Business Research Amos de Shalit & Herman Feshbach Theoretical Nuclear Physics, Volume 1 –Nuclear Structure J. L. Doob Stochastic Processes Nelson Dunford & Jacob T. Schwartz Linear Operators, Part One, General Theory Nelson Dunford & Jacob T. Schwartz Linear Operators, Part Two, Spectral Theory–Self Adjoint Operators in Hilbert Space Nelson Dunford & Jacob T. Schwartz Linear Operators, Part Three, Spectral Operators Herman Fsehbach Theoretical Nuclear Physics: Nuclear Reactions Bernard Friedman Lectures on Applications-Oriented Mathematics Gerald d. Hahn & Samuel S. Shapiro Statistical Models in Engineering Morris H. Hansen, William N. Hurwitz & William G. Madow Sample Survey Methods and Theory, Volume I–Methods and Applications Morris H. Hansen, William N. Hurwitz & William G. Madow Sample Survey Methods and Theory, Volume II–Theory Peter Henrici Applied and Computational Complex Analysis, Volume 1–Power Series–lntegration–Conformal Mapping–Location of Zeros Peter Henrici Applied and Computational Complex Analysis, Volume 2–Special Functions–Integral Transforms–Asymptotics–Continued Fractions Peter Henrici Applied and Computational Complex Analysis, Volume 3–Discrete Fourier Analysis–Cauchy Integrals–Construction of Conformal Maps–Univalent Functions Peter Hilton & Yel-Chiang Wu A Course in Modern Algebra Harry Hochetadt Integral Equations Erwin O. Kreyezig Introductory Functional Analysis with Applications William H. Louisell Quantum Statistical Properties of Radiation All Hasan Nayfeh Introduction to Perturbation Techniques Emanuel Parzen Modern Probability Theory and Its Applications P.M. Prenter Splines and Variational Methods Walter Rudin Fourier Analysis on Groups C. L. Siegel Topics in Complex Function Theory, Volume I–Elliptic Functions and Uniformization Theory C. L. Siegel Topics in Complex Function Theory, Volume II–Automorphic and Abelian integrals C. L Siegel Topics in Complex Function Theory, Volume III–Abelian Functions & Modular Functions of Several Variables J. J. Stoker Differential Geometry J. J. Stoker Water Waves: The Mathematical Theory with Applications J. J. Stoker Nonlinear Vibrations in Mechanical and Electrical Systems

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Автор: John Kalbfleisch D

Contains additional discussion and examples on left truncation as well as material on more general censoring and truncation patterns. Introduces the martingale and counting process formulation swil lbe in a new chapter. Develops multivariate failure time data in a separate chapter and extends the material on Markov and semi Markov formulations. Presents new examples and applications of data analysis.

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Автор: Группа авторов

An accessible, clearly organized survey of the basic topics of measure theory for students and researchers in mathematics, statistics, and physics In order to fully understand and appreciate advanced probability, analysis, and advanced mathematical statistics, a rudimentary knowledge of measure theory and like subjects must first be obtained. The Theory of Measures and Integration illuminates the fundamental ideas of the subject-fascinating in their own right-for both students and researchers, providing a useful theoretical background as well as a solid foundation for further inquiry. Eric Vestrup's patient and measured text presents the major results of classical measure and integration theory in a clear and rigorous fashion. Besides offering the mainstream fare, the author also offers detailed discussions of extensions, the structure of Borel and Lebesgue sets, set-theoretic considerations, the Riesz representation theorem, and the Hardy-Littlewood theorem, among other topics, employing a clear presentation style that is both evenly paced and user-friendly. Chapters include: * Measurable Functions * The Lp Spaces * The Radon-Nikodym Theorem * Products of Two Measure Spaces * Arbitrary Products of Measure Spaces Sections conclude with exercises that range in difficulty between easy «finger exercises»and substantial and independent points of interest. These more difficult exercises are accompanied by detailed hints and outlines. They demonstrate optional side paths in the subject as well as alternative ways of presenting the mainstream topics. In writing his proofs and notation, Vestrup targets the person who wants all of the details shown up front. Ideal for graduate students in mathematics, statistics, and physics, as well as strong undergraduates in these disciplines and practicing researchers, The Theory of Measures and Integration proves both an able primary text for a real analysis sequence with a focus on measure theory and a helpful background text for advanced courses in probability and statistics.

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Автор: Steven Bragg M

The all-new fast-reference problem solver for controllers The Vest Pocket Controller is the handy pocket problem-solver that gives today's busy executives and accountants the helpful information they need in a quick-reference format. Whether in public practice or private industry, professionals will always have this reliable reference tool at their fingertips because it easily goes anywhere-to a client's office, on a business trip, or to an important lunch meeting. Covers management areas a controller is likely to encounter Easy-to-use Q & A format offering hundreds of explanations supported by a multitude of examples, tables, charts, and ratios Other titles by Bragg: Running an Effective Investor Relations Department: A Comprehensive Guide, Accounting Best Practices, Sixth Edition, and Just-in-Time Accounting, Third Edition Packed with practical techniques and rules of thumb for analyzing, evaluating, and solving the day-to-day problems every controller faces, The Vest Pocket Controller helps you quickly pinpoint what to look for, what to watch out for, what to do, and how to do it.

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Автор: One Human

The topic of freedom and racism is explained in short short stories that are related. If you read the book more often, you can also better recognize the content and context. The book explains the value of a human life based on a person who escaped from a prison camp, a little girl in South America who is looking for happiness in Europe and a German racist. More on this in the book …

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Автор: Eduardo Salas

A state-of-the-art psychological perspective on team working and collaborative organizational processes… This handbook makes a unique contribution to organizational psychology and HRM by providing comprehensive international coverage of the contemporary field of team working and collaborative organizational processes. It provides critical reviews of key topics related to teams including design, diversity, leadership, trust processes and performance measurement, drawing on the work of leading thinkers including Linda Argote, Neal Ashkanasy, Robert Kraut, Floor Rink and Daan van Knippenberg.

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Автор: Группа авторов

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Автор: Gene Jarrett Andrew

The Wiley Blackwell Anthology of African American Literature is a comprehensive collection of poems, short stories, novellas, novels, plays, autobiographies, and essays authored by African Americans from the eighteenth century until the present. Evenly divided into two volumes, it is also the first such anthology to be conceived and published for both classroom and online education in the new millennium. Reflects the current scholarly and pedagogic structure of African American literary studies Selects literary texts according to extensive research on classroom adoptions, scholarship, and the expert opinions of leading professors Organizes literary texts according to more appropriate periods of literary history, dividing them into seven sections that accurately depict intellectual, cultural, and political movements Includes more reprints of entire works and longer selections of major works than any other anthology of its kind This second volume contains a comprehensive collection of texts authored by African Americans from the 1920s to the present The two volumes of this landmark anthology can also be bought as a set, at over 20% savings.

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Автор: Jacques Barnouin

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Автор: Группа авторов

A hands-on introduction to the tools needed for rigorous and theoretical mathematical reasoning Successfully addressing the frustration many students experience as they make the transition from computational mathematics to advanced calculus and algebraic structures, Theorems, Corollaries, Lemmas, and Methods of Proof equips students with the tools needed to succeed while providing a firm foundation in the axiomatic structure of modern mathematics. This essential book: * Clearly explains the relationship between definitions, conjectures, theorems, corollaries, lemmas, and proofs * Reinforces the foundations of calculus and algebra * Explores how to use both a direct and indirect proof to prove a theorem * Presents the basic properties of real numbers * Discusses how to use mathematical induction to prove a theorem * Identifies the different types of theorems * Explains how to write a clear and understandable proof * Covers the basic structure of modern mathematics and the key components of modern mathematics A complete chapter is dedicated to the different methods of proof such as forward direct proofs, proof by contrapositive, proof by contradiction, mathematical induction, and existence proofs. In addition, the author has supplied many clear and detailed algorithms that outline these proofs. Theorems, Corollaries, Lemmas, and Methods of Proof uniquely introduces scratch work as an indispensable part of the proof process, encouraging students to use scratch work and creative thinking as the first steps in their attempt to prove a theorem. Once their scratch work successfully demonstrates the truth of the theorem, the proof can be written in a clear and concise fashion. The basic structure of modern mathematics is discussed, and each of the key components of modern mathematics is defined. Numerous exercises are included in each chapter, covering a wide range of topics with varied levels of difficulty. Intended as a main text for mathematics courses such as Methods of Proof, Transitions to Advanced Mathematics, and Foundations of Mathematics, the book may also be used as a supplementary textbook in junior- and senior-level courses on advanced calculus, real analysis, and modern algebra.

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Автор: Eubank Randall

Theoretical Foundations of Functional Data Analysis, with an Introduction to Linear Operators provides a uniquely broad compendium of the key mathematical concepts and results that are relevant for the theoretical development of functional data analysis (FDA). The self–contained treatment of selected topics of functional analysis and operator theory includes reproducing kernel Hilbert spaces, singular value decomposition of compact operators on Hilbert spaces and perturbation theory for both self–adjoint and non self–adjoint operators. The probabilistic foundation for FDA is described from the perspective of random elements in Hilbert spaces as well as from the viewpoint of continuous time stochastic processes. Nonparametric estimation approaches including kernel and regularized smoothing are also introduced. These tools are then used to investigate the properties of estimators for the mean element, covariance operators, principal components, regression function and canonical correlations. A general treatment of canonical correlations in Hilbert spaces naturally leads to FDA formulations of factor analysis, regression, MANOVA and discriminant analysis. This book will provide a valuable reference for statisticians and other researchers interested in developing or understanding the mathematical aspects of FDA. It is also suitable for a graduate level special topics course.

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Автор: George Tourlakis

Learn the skills and acquire the intuition to assess the theoretical limitations of computer programming Offering an accessible approach to the topic, Theory of Computation focuses on the metatheory of computing and the theoretical boundaries between what various computational models can do and not do—from the most general model, the URM (Unbounded Register Machines), to the finite automaton. A wealth of programming-like examples and easy-to-follow explanations build the general theory gradually, which guides readers through the modeling and mathematical analysis of computational phenomena and provides insights on what makes things tick and also what restrains the ability of computational processes. Recognizing the importance of acquired practical experience, the book begins with the metatheory of general purpose computer programs, using URMs as a straightforward, technology-independent model of modern high-level programming languages while also exploring the restrictions of the URM language. Once readers gain an understanding of computability theory—including the primitive recursive functions—the author presents automata and languages, covering the regular and context-free languages as well as the machines that recognize these languages. Several advanced topics such as reducibilities, the recursion theorem, complexity theory, and Cook's theorem are also discussed. Features of the book include: A review of basic discrete mathematics, covering logic and induction while omitting specialized combinatorial topics A thorough development of the modeling and mathematical analysis of computational phenomena, providing a solid foundation of un-computability The connection between un-computability and un-provability: G?del's first incompleteness theorem The book provides numerous examples of specific URMs as well as other programming languages including Loop Programs, FA (Deterministic Finite Automata), NFA (Nondeterministic Finite Automata), and PDA (Pushdown Automata). Exercises at the end of each chapter allow readers to test their comprehension of the presented material, and an extensive bibliography suggests resources for further study. Assuming only a basic understanding of general computer programming and discrete mathematics, Theory of Computation serves as a valuable book for courses on theory of computation at the upper-undergraduate level. The book also serves as an excellent resource for programmers and computing professionals wishing to understand the theoretical limitations of their craft.

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Автор: A. K. Md. Ehsanes Saleh

Theory of Preliminary Test and Stein-Type Estimation with Applications provides a com-prehensive account of the theory and methods of estimation in a variety of standard models used in applied statistical inference. It is an in-depth introduction to the estimation theory for graduate students, practitioners, and researchers in various fields, such as statistics, engineering, social sciences, and medical sciences. Coverage of the material is designed as a first step in improving the estimates before applying full Bayesian methodology, while problems at the end of each chapter enlarge the scope of the applications. This book contains clear and detailed coverage of basic terminology related to various topics, including: * Simple linear model; ANOVA; parallelism model; multiple regression model with non-stochastic and stochastic constraints; regression with autocorrelated errors; ridge regression; and multivariate and discrete data models * Normal, non-normal, and nonparametric theory of estimation * Bayes and empirical Bayes methods * R-estimation and U-statistics * Confidence set estimation

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Автор: Bruno de Finetti

First issued in translation as a two-volume work in 1975, this classic book provides the first complete development of the theory of probability from a subjectivist viewpoint. It proceeds from a detailed discussion of the philosophical mathematical aspects to a detailed mathematical treatment of probability and statistics. De Finetti’s theory of probability is one of the foundations of Bayesian theory. De Finetti stated that probability is nothing but a subjective analysis of the likelihood that something will happen and that that probability does not exist outside the mind. It is the rate at which a person is willing to bet on something happening. This view is directly opposed to the classicist/ frequentist view of the likelihood of a particular outcome of an event, which assumes that the same event could be identically repeated many times over, and the 'probability' of a particular outcome has to do with the fraction of the time that outcome results from the repeated trials.

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Автор: Группа авторов

In diesem Handbuch werden f?r die W?rmebehandlungsverfahren Einsatzh?rten, Nitrieren und Nitrocarburieren sowohl die theoretischen Grundlagen als auch die industrielle Durchf?hrung eingehend behandelt. In der Abhandlung werden die Grundlagen und die Durchf?hrung der Verfahren der thermochemischen Behandlung im Gas bei Normaldruck und bei Niederdruck sowohl ohne als auch mit Plasmaunterst?tzung dargestellt. Daran anschlie?end sind charakteristische physikalische Eigenschaften der zum Herstellen der verschiedenen Ofenatmosph?ren erforderlichen Gase angegeben. Ein weiterer Teil befasst sich mit der Mess- und Regeltechnik. Die industriell gebr?uchlichsten Arten von ?fen werden kurz beschrieben und charakterisiert. Betrachtungen zur Energiebilanz, dem Umweltschutz und der Entsorgung der verbrauchten Hilfsstoffe sowie dem sicheren Betreiben der W?rmebehandlungsanlagen runden den Inhalt des Handbuchs ab.

Серия: Reihe Technik

Исполнители: Авточтец

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Автор: Michel Soustelle

This book offers advanced students, in 7 volumes, successively characterization tools phases, the study of all types of phase, liquid, gas and solid, pure or multi-component, process engineering, chemical and electrochemical equilibria, the properties of surfaces and phases of small sizes. Macroscopic and microscopic models are in turn covered with a constant correlation between the two scales. Particular attention is given to the rigor of mathematical developments. This book focuses on solid phases.

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Автор: Dagyab Kyabgon Rinpoche

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Автор: Jos? Perla Anaya

La investigaci?n empieza con una rese?a sobre la naturaleza del Internet m?vil (IM) y las funciones de las aplicaciones para aparatos port?tiles y miniaturizados, que est?n modificando todas las relaciones. Luego, plantea cuatro situaciones espec?ficas relacionadas con el uso de estos instrumentos en el pa?s: manejar veh?culos, asistir al cine, a clases universitarias y a reuniones sociales. ?Es posible tener ?xito si se regulan dichas conductas a fin de que no causen perjuicios? Esta es la pregunta principal de este libro, el cual completa las obras de Perla dedicadas a la comunicaci?n —periodismo, publicidad, televisi?n y cinematograf?a— desde una perspectiva sociojur?dica. El reto es mucho mayor en esta ?ltima publicaci?n sobre Internet, no solo por la distancia generacional del autor con la nueva tecnolog?a, sino porque nadie sabe con certeza c?mo puede ser regulada, si con intervenci?n del Estado o sin ella.

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Автор: Guadalupe Morf?n

Серия: Poesia

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Автор: Marc Cr?pon

"Ser?a desastroso, en efecto, que la pandemia pase, sin haber revelado las conciencias suficientemente para que recuerden que la urgencia sanitaria no es la ?ltima palabra de la crisis. Una vez salidos de los combates dados d?a a d?a para salvar vidas, son otras las luchas futuras las que ser? necesario saber inventar; es otro mundo el que ser? necesario imaginar y encontrar los medios de imponer", se?ala Marc Cr?pon en Tiempos dif?ciles: Las sociedades democr?ticas en la encrucijada.
?Cu?l es la encrucijada aqu?? Dos conceptos: deseo y palabra. La demanda de deseo de participaci?n ciudadana significa otro reparto de la palabra, la cual traduce este deseo como una intervenci?n en la vida p?blica. La tesis que el fil?sofo franc?s sostiene es que la disyuntiva por la cual las democracias est?n sometidas a juicio tiene relaci?n con la anulaci?n de la palabra, debido a la invalidaci?n de las voces que no han sido escuchadas y que buscan la participaci?n en com?n.
Esta puesta en com?n es expresada en la queja frente a los gobiernos que han pretendido hablar por el pueblo a trav?s del populismo, del decreto y del control. Hablar en el lugar de los gobernados y en su nombre, ha conllevado a una repetici?n de ciertos traumas legitimados por los Estados de excepci?n que se manifiestan en populismos democr?ticos. La participaci?n no debe pasar por la desconfianza en la voz popular, definida desde la ignorancia, la desinformaci?n o el desinter?s y que, por tanto, se presume que necesita ser iluminada y guiada. Esto solo ha legitimado una demo-fobia.
El prop?sito de este libro es repensar una democracia participativa que pueda anudar un contra-peritaje por parte de los gobernados, que no se reduzca a individuos, quienes act?an animados por la preocupaci?n de defender sus propios intereses y no escuchan sus afectos. Lo que caracteriza este contra-peritaje es crear redes y movimientos asociativos que re?nan el compromiso para la vigilancia cr?tica contra los abusos de poder, las negligencias y las violencias.

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Автор: Manfred Fischer Klaus Methfessel

Im Fr?hjahr des Jahres 1987 reisten wir durch den westafrikanischen Staat Mali. Unser Ziel war die mythenumwobene Stadt Timbuktu. Seit Jahrhunderten hat es immer wieder Reisende aus Europa in das exotische Ziel am Fluss Niger gezogen. Zu allen Zeiten war die Reise beschwerlich und bisweilen abenteuerlich. Seit der Norden Malis 2012 von islamischen Terroristen erobert und eine Zeit lang besetzt wurde, ist jede Fahrt nach Timbuktu indes mit akuter Lebensgefahr verbunden. Vom Sommer 2016 an sollen bis zu 650 Bundeswehrsoldaten, stationiert in der ?stlich von Timbuktu gelegenen Stadt Gao, die Sicherheit in dem Gebiet erh?hen. Im R?ckblick wirkt die Reise vor bald 30 Jahren wie ein Ausflug in eine l?ngst vergangene, idyllische Epoche der Geschichte. Um die Zeitenwende zu dokumentieren, werden hier einige Ausz?ge aus dem unmittelbar nach der Reise geschriebenen Manuskript ver?ffentlicht.

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Автор: Группа авторов

Elements of Financial Time Series fills a gap in the market in the area of financial time series analysis by giving both conceptual and practical illustrations. Examples and discussions in the later chapters of the book make recent developments in time series more accessible. Examples from finance are maximized as much as possible throughout the book. * Full set of exercises is displayed at the end of each chapter. * First seven chapters cover standard topics in time series at a high-intensity level. * Recent and timely developments in nonstandard time series techniques are illustrated with real finance examples in detail. * Examples are systemically illustrated with S-plus with codes and data available on an associated Web site.

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Автор: Ngai Chan Hang

A new edition of the comprehensive, hands-on guide to financial time series, now featuring S-Plus® and R software Time Series: Applications to Finance with R and S-Plus®, Second Edition is designed to present an in-depth introduction to the conceptual underpinnings and modern ideas of time series analysis. Utilizing interesting, real-world applications and the latest software packages, this book successfully helps readers grasp the technical and conceptual manner of the topic in order to gain a deeper understanding of the ever-changing dynamics of the financial world. With balanced coverage of both theory and applications, this Second Edition includes new content to accurately reflect the current state-of-the-art nature of financial time series analysis. A new chapter on Markov Chain Monte Carlo presents Bayesian methods for time series with coverage of Metropolis-Hastings algorithm, Gibbs sampling, and a case study that explores the relevance of these techniques for understanding activity in the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The author also supplies a new presentation of statistical arbitrage that includes discussion of pairs trading and cointegration. In addition to standard topics such as forecasting and spectral analysis, real-world financial examples are used to illustrate recent developments in nonstandard techniques, including: Nonstationarity Heteroscedasticity Multivariate time series State space modeling and stochastic volatility Multivariate GARCH Cointegration and common trends The book's succinct and focused organization allows readers to grasp the important ideas of time series. All examples are systematically illustrated with S-Plus® and R software, highlighting the relevance of time series in financial applications. End-of-chapter exercises and selected solutions allow readers to test their comprehension of the presented material, and a related Web site features additional data sets. Time Series: Applications to Finance with R and S-Plus® is an excellent book for courses on financial time series at the upper-undergraduate and beginning graduate levels. It also serves as an indispensible resource for practitioners working with financial data in the fields of statistics, economics, business, and risk management.

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Автор: Bertil Gustafsson

Praise for the First Edition «. . . fills a considerable gap in the numerical analysis literature by providing a self-contained treatment . . . this is an important work written in a clear style . . . warmly recommended to any graduate student or researcher in the field of the numerical solution of partial differential equations.» —SIAM Review Time-Dependent Problems and Difference Methods, Second Edition continues to provide guidance for the analysis of difference methods for computing approximate solutions to partial differential equations for time-dependent problems. The book treats differential equations and difference methods with a parallel development, thus achieving a more useful analysis of numerical methods. The Second Edition presents hyperbolic equations in great detail as well as new coverage on second-order systems of wave equations including acoustic waves, elastic waves, and Einstein equations. Compared to first-order hyperbolic systems, initial-boundary value problems for such systems contain new properties that must be taken into account when analyzing stability. Featuring the latest material in partial differential equations with new theorems, examples, and illustrations,Time-Dependent Problems and Difference Methods, Second Edition also includes: High order methods on staggered grids Extended treatment of Summation By Parts operators and their application to second-order derivatives Simplified presentation of certain parts and proofs Time-Dependent Problems and Difference Methods, Second Edition is an ideal reference for physical scientists, engineers, numerical analysts, and mathematical modelers who use numerical experiments to test designs and to predict and investigate physical phenomena. The book is also excellent for graduate-level courses in applied mathematics and scientific computations.

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Автор: Группа авторов

This book focuses on the modelling of contemporary health and social problems, especially those considered a major burden to communities, governments and taxpayers, such as smoking, alcoholism, drug use, and heart disease. Based on a series of papers presented at a recent conference hosted by the Leverhulme-funded Tipping Points project at the University of Durham, this book illustrates a broad range of modelling approaches. Such a diverse collection demonstrates that an interdisciplinary approach is essential to modelling tipping points in health and social problems, and the assessment of associated risk and resilience.

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Автор: Andreas Bremer

Multiplizieren Sie Ihre Marketing- und Werbebem?hungen im Internet
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Wenn Sie einmal deren Emailadresse haben, k?nnen Sie ihnen immer wieder ?hnliche Produkte anbieten. Stellen Sie nur sicher, dass Sie genug interessanten und einzigartigen Content haben, um das Interesse Ihrer Leser wach zu halten. Holen Sie Ihre Mitbewerber mit ins Boot, indem Sie einen Verband f?r Ihre spezielle Nische gr?nden. Das kann zu einer profitablen Partnerschaft f?hren. Sie k?nnten Ihre Mitglieder mit graphischen Links versorgen, die sie auf deren Homepages platzieren.

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Автор: Martin Cordemann

Polizist Harry Rhode muss sich mit seinem ersten Fall auseinandersetzen. Dar?ber hinaus ger?t er mit einem alten Freund aneinander, muss einen Todesfall aus dem Golfplatz untersuchen und hat Schwierigkeiten, in einem Mord die Mordwaffe zu finden… viele F?lle, viele L?sungen. Wie immer l?st er seine F?lle eher mit Witz als mit Spannung. Harry Rhode ist eine Mischung als Philip Marlowe und Columbo – der entwaffnende Humor eines Marlowe und der entwaffnete Ermittler eines Columbo. Es gibt weniger Frauen und weniger auf die Fresse als bei Marlowe, aber ein guter Detektiv zeichnet sich ja nicht nur dadurch aus, was er einstecken, sondern auch, was er aufl?sen kann. Mal ist es ziemlich klar, wer der M?rder ist und wir begleiten den Detektiv dabei, wie er ihn ?berf?hren muss, mal kann auch der Leser mit raten, welcher der Verd?chtigen nun f?r die Tat verantwortlich ist. «Harry Rhode» sind altmodische Detektivgeschichten mit Humor.

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Автор: Dirk Kruse

Серия: Frank Beaufort

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Автор: Sybille Seid

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Автор: Jos? Eizaguirre

Серия: Sin Fronteras

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Автор: Jes?s Purroy

Vivimos rodeados por los resultados de los adelantos cient?ficos y tecnol?gicos, pero conocemos muy poco sobre el funcionamiento de la ciencia. Precisamente, Todo lo que hay que saber para saberlo todo aborda con rigor y amenidad estas cuestiones: ?qu? es la ciencia?, ?qu? m?todos se emplean para obtener nuevos conocimientos?, ?cu?les son los procedimientos para comunicarlos? Pero tambi?n trata sobre situaciones cotidianas, en las cuales nos enfrentamos con afirmaciones importantes de nuestro d?a a d?a -sobre medicina, alimentaci?n, medio ambiente y otras-, y debemos decidir si son fiables: ?es cierto que la comida ecol?gica en las escuelas mejora el comportamiento de los alumnos?, ?los alimentos transg?nicos podr?an tener un impacto negativo sobre los ecosistemas y los humanos? Estas y otras preguntas encontrar?n respuesta en este libro.

Серия: Sin Fronteras

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Автор: Esteban Molina Rodr?guez

Libro especializado que se ajusta al desarrollo de la cualificaci?n profesional y adquisici?n de certificados de profesionalidad. Manual imprescindible para la formaci?n y la capacitaci?n, que se basa en los principios de la cualificaci?n y dinamizaci?n del conocimiento, como premisas para la mejora de la empleabilidad y eficacia para el desempe?o del trabajo.

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Автор: Javier Urra

Somos menos fr?giles de lo que pensamos.
En estas p?ginas el lector recorrer? el camino de lo que nos ha acontecido, pero tambi?n apreciar? lo que a veces, y no de manera consciente, hemos elaborado, as? como los da?os que hemos sufrido. Y, desde luego, c?mo hemos de afrontar este presente y futuro que nos resulta esquivo. ?C?mo pensamos aprovechar la vida que nos resta?
Cuidar nuestras opiniones y aspiraciones, analizar la realidad, contextualizar y conocer las propias limitaciones depende de nosotros mismos. Este es un libro que aporta estrategias y habilidades para superar la crisis sobrevenida. Ayuda desde la reflexi?n, el sentir y el proyectar para partir de una crisis grave y decisiva, de una moderada confianza en la humanidad, incluso en la disciplina de los ciudadanos, para conseguir la adaptaci?n a la necesaria metamorfosis que toda forma de vida conlleva.
No busque unas recetas t?picas, sino un discurrir mucho m?s riguroso y, al fin, eficaz, donde el repensar del futuro le contagiar? de esperanza y le enviar? mensajes emp?ticos y sensibles para sobrellevar otra posible crisis. H?gase con su ejemplar y disfrute del rigor del razonamiento cient?fico, y de la lucidez y sencillez de la buena divulgaci?n.

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Автор: Группа авторов

Der Agrar?konom Tony Rinaudo revolutioniert mit seiner Methode FMNR die Wiederaufforstung in Afrika. Die Methode beruht auf der Nutzung vorhandener Baumst?mpfe und Baumwurzeln. Durch gezieltes Ausschneiden von schwachen Sprossen wird das Wachstum der Pflanzen beg?nstigt. Inzwischen wird die Methode erfolgreich in L?ndern wie Niger, ?thiopien, Tschad, Burkina Faso oder Mali angewandt. Wo vor zehn Jahren noch stachelige B?sche standen oder sich die W?ste st?ndig ausdehnte, forsten Farmer dank der Methode gro?e Landst?cke auf. Allein in der Region Humbo in S?d?thiopien wurden so 2700 Hektar Land (ca.3800 Fu?ballfelder) begr?nt.
W?hrend in vielen Regionen Afrikas die Menschen auf Lebensmittelhilfe angewiesen sind, erwirtschaften die D?rfer in Humbo inzwischen Mais?bersch?sse. Das Buch erz?hlt vom steinigen Weg zum Erfolg der Methode.

Серия: r?ffer&rub vision?r

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Автор: Andr? Hoffmann

In den Hoffmann-Studien 2000 war es gelungen, den Anteil der Fl?ssigkeit am dentalen Glanz zu ermitteln und die Fragen zu beantworten: Welchen Einfluss hat der Zahn und welchen Einfluss hat Zahnfl?ssigkeit am dentalen Glanz? Und welchen Einfluss hat der Glanz an der Zahnfarbe und den Farbkoordinaten?
Andr? Hoffmann hat die Entstehung der Zahnfarbe systematisch und h?chstpr?zise u. a. an menschlichen Z?hnen und dentalen Farbringen mit Hochpr?zisionsmesssystemen und mit eigens entwickelten Hochpr?zisionspositionierungssystemen erforscht und insbesondere im Jahre 2000 seine neuen Erkenntnisse vorgelegt und ver?ffentlicht und in den Folgejahren konkretisiert. Der Pionier im Bereich der optischen Technologien d?rfte im Zuge seiner wissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung die wesentlichen Einflussfaktoren isoliert und eindeutig quantifiziert haben. Dazu geh?ren beispielsweise das Licht bzw. Messlicht und die Lichtarten verschiedener Farbtemperaturen, die Strahleng?nge des Lichtes bzw. die Messgeometrien (Orte von Lichtquellen und Sensoren in Relation zur Messprobe), der Beobachtungswinkel (2°, 10°), die Gr??e der Messfl?che und Mess?ffnung, die Glanzwirkung, der Fl?ssigkeitsgehalt (mit wissenschaftlichem Beweis des Zusammenhanges zwischen Fl?ssigkeitsgehalt und Zahnfarbe), Wirkung von Trocknung und Fl?ssigkeitswiederaufnahme (Dehydratation, Rehydrierung), der Anteil des Fl?ssigkeitsgehaltes an der Glanzwirkung, die Subjektivit?t von visueller Bestimmung, Kronenkr?mmung, Systemart (Spektralphotometer, Dreibereichsfarbmesssystem), Messmodus (Kontakt oder Non-kontakt-Modus), Messsystem-Objekt-Relation, Positionierung, Wiederholbarkeit bzw. Reproduzierbarkeit. Zudem wurden subjektiv-visuelle Bestimmungen und objektivierte Messungen in Subjektiv-objektiv-Vergleichen ?ber Wertevergleiche nachgegangen. Alle diese Einflussfaktoren sind nicht nur an feuchten, sondern auch an trockeneren (verschiedene bestimmte Trocknungs- bzw. Rehydrierungszust?nde) und trockenen Z?hnen anhand u. a. der Helligkeit (L*), von Farbmesswerten, wie beispielsweise a*, b*, C*, h, ΔE, des Metamerieindex, von Spektralwerten, von Zahnfarbproben und von Zahnfarbr?umen analysiert. Im Rahmen dieser Erkundung konnten Ph?nomene (beispielsweise ?nderungen und Br?che im Verhalten sowie hochindividuelle Entwicklungen der Farbwerte, Paradoxes zwischen den Werten subjektiver Bestimmung mittels Zahnfarbproben und den Werten objektivierender Messungen) aufgedeckt und Einblick in die Farbdynamik durch De- und Rehydratation gew?hrt werden. Die Entwicklung der einzelnen Farbmesswerte lie? beispielsweise R?ckschl?sse ?ber den Fl?ssigkeitsfluss durch den Zahn und seine Gewebe insbesondere bei Trocknung und Fl?ssigkeitswiederaufnahme zu und gab Auskunft ?ber das zeitliche Ausma? dieser Prozesse. Auf Basis dieser Datenlage hatte Hoffmann mehrere Verfahren f?r die Forschung und Anwendung in der Praxis entwickelt, Innovationen vorgeschlagen und f?r machbar eingestuft, wie beispielsweise das trocknungsprotektive Monitoring zur Vermeidung von Devitalisierung bei zahnmedizinischer Behandlung, eine Rekonstruktion der Farbe von nat?rlich feuchten Z?hnen an bereits angetrockneten, die Identifizierung von Lebenden und Toten ?ber den «dentalen Fingerabdruck» und f?r die Rechtsmedizin eine neue Methode zur Todeszeitbestimmung. Zudem beschrieb er eine zeitliche Trocknungsgrenze, bis zu der noch relativ nat?rliche, passende Farbwerte zu erhalten sind und nach der keine Farbbestimmung mehr erfolgen sollte, und er legte die Fl?ssigkeitswiederaufnahmezeit nach Ende der Trocknung fest, die gewartet werden muss, um wieder eine nat?rliche Zahnfarbe zu erhalten …

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Автор: Andr? Hoffmann

In der Zahnmedizin stellt die Zahnfarbe eine von zwei S?ulen der dentalen ?sthetik ‒ neben der Form. Was lag da im Jahre 2000 n?her zu schauen und zu ?berpr?fen, ob auch eine zweite S?ule in der forensischen Zahnmedizin begr?ndet werden kann, die auf Zahnfarbe, Reflexionsspektren und Spektralanalysen basiert.
Forensische Zahnmedizin besch?ftigt sich beispielsweise mit der Identifizierung und Altersbestimmung von Menschen und Toten. Eine Identifizierung oder Authentifizierung – im weitesten Sinne die Verifizierung einer behaupteten Identit?t – wird zur Sicherheit von Mensch und Daten auch im Alltagsleben und in einer modernen Gesellschaft immer wichtiger, so wie es in speziellen Bereichen, wie einem Hochsicherheitsbereich, gang und g?be ist. Dort werden biometrische Erkennungsmerkmale beispielsweise von Gesichtern, Fingerabdr?cken oder Iris automatisiert und technologisch gewonnen. Auch in dieser sicherheitsrelevanten Biometrie w?re daran zu denken, Zahnform und dentale Reflexionsspektren f?r diesen Zweck zu nutzen. Insbesondere f?r k?rzerfristige Aufgaben, wie Ein- und Auschecken, w?re eine kombinierte Technik machbar. Der gegenw?rtige Autor hatte in Patentanmeldungen und Patent die biometrische Nutzung der Zahnform und dentaler Reflexionsspektren zur Identifikation und Authentifizierung bzw. Todeszeitbestimmung beschrieben. Es w?re insbesondere die Kombination deshalb interessant, um anhand der Form auch die farbliche Identifikation/Authentifizierung immer im richtigen Winkel zur Zahnkronen-Kurvatur abzugreifen. Wie die Hoffmann-Studien zeigten, kommt es insbesondere bei der Farbmessung zu Einfluss nehmenden Abweichungen, wenn der Winkel des Messkopfes zur Zahnkronenkurvatur variiert. Ein System k?nnte entweder real den Messkopf und/oder den Nutzenden (den zu Authentifizierenden) in die gew?nschte Position f?hren, um in der richtigen und immer gleichen Objekt-System-Relation zu erfassen, oder ?ber einen Algorithmus die Zahnfarbe im Nachhinein einer Erfassung zu rekonstruieren, wenn die Objekt-System-Position nicht die optimale oder gleiche gewesen war …
Andr? Hoffmann hat die Entstehung der Zahnfarbe systematisch und h?chstpr?zise u. a. an menschlichen Z?hnen und dentalen Farbringen mit Hochpr?zisionsmesssystemen und mit eigens entwickelten Hochpr?zisionspositionierungssystemen erforscht und insbesondere im Jahre 2000 seine neuen Erkenntnisse vorgelegt und ver?ffentlicht und in den Folgejahren konkretisiert. Der Pionier im Bereich der optischen Technologien d?rfte im Zuge seiner wissenschaftlichen Grundlagenforschung die wesentlichen Einflussfaktoren isoliert und eindeutig quantifiziert haben. Dazu geh?ren beispielsweise das Licht bzw. Messlicht und die Lichtarten verschiedener Farbtemperaturen, die Strahleng?nge des Lichtes bzw. die Messgeometrien (Orte von Lichtquellen und Sensoren in Relation zur Messprobe), der Beobachtungswinkel (2°, 10°), die Gr??e der Messfl?che und Mess?ffnung, die Glanzwirkung, der Fl?ssigkeitsgehalt (mit wissenschaftlichem Beweis des Zusammenhanges zwischen Fl?ssigkeitsgehalt und Zahnfarbe), Wirkung von Trocknung und Fl?ssigkeitswiederaufnahme (Dehydratation, Rehydrierung), der Anteil des Fl?ssigkeitsgehaltes an der Glanzwirkung, die Subjektivit?t von visueller Bestimmung, Kronenkr?mmung, Systemart (Spektralphotometer, Dreibereichsfarbmesssystem), Messmodus (Kontakt oder Non-kontakt-Modus), Messsystem-Objekt-Relation, Positionierung, Wiederholbarkeit bzw. Reproduzierbarkeit…

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